UCP Journal of Science and Technology is HEC recognized (Y-Category) research journal. UCP Journal of Science and Technology (UCP-JST) is a multidisciplinary, peer-reviewed, and open-access journal published by the Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab (UCP), devoted to publishing research in the field of Science and Technology. Emphasizing original intellectual work with scholarly insight, the UCP Journal of Sciences and Technology aims to publish high-quality articles in the fields of biological, physical, natural, and life sciences. ISSN Numbers: 3005-5571 (Online), 3005-5563 (Print)
Association of Smog and Fog with the Prevalence of Asthma and Pneumonia in the Population of Punjab
The present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of asthma and pneumonia due to smog and fog in affected and normal population of males and females. The data was collected by means of questionnaires and interviews and by DHQ hospital Chiniot on 500 subjects. All subjects were categorized in two groups with respect to their age. Group A (age ≤ 43) and Group B (age ≤ 84), group A contained nA =376 and group B contained nB =124 subjects respectively. The parameters like height, weight, BMI, age and gender were included. The socio-economic status and family history was also included. All the data and parameters were analyzed statistically by using chi-square on SPSS software (version 22). The 73.6% subjects were showed the presence of Asthma and Pneumonia. The 33.6% samples were affected by Asthma (p≤0.0001), 40%were infected by Pneumonia (For A group p≤0.0001) (For B group p≤0.002) and 26.4% were normal and did not show any symptom. The climatic conditions such as temperature, humidity and weather (smog, fog) played vital role. The increased level of smog and fog is the cause of prevalence of many respiratory diseases such as shortness of breath (asthma) and pneumonia. The average temperature during October was 31°C, November 21°C, December 18°C, January 16°C, February 19°C and March was 27°C. The results of this study revealed that smog, fog, education and socio-economic status were also related to the prevalence of these diseases.
Copyright (c) 2026 UCP Journal of Science & Technology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
In Silico Insights into the Impact of Deleterious SNPs on the Functioning and Dynamics of TP53 and Its Targeted Therapy by COTI-2 and PRIMA1 in Breast Cancer Patients
Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy in women globally and has a high death rate. In Pakistan, one in every nine women is at risk. Tumor protein 53 (TP53) is a transcription factor that suppresses tumors by regulating gene expression in response to stress. In 40-60% of breast tumors, mutations in TP53 contribute to tumor growth, medication resistance, and a poor prognosis. This study uses an in silico approach to find deleterious missense SNPs in TP53 and assess their effects on protein dynamics. Deleterious TP53 variants were screened through SNP prediction tools. Four of the 25 detected deleterious variants (Q16K, L130Q, P223R, and R273I) were chosen based on two criteria: pathogenicity threshold (>80%) and their presence in functionally significant domains. Structural stability studies using I-Mutant2.0 and MUPro revealed that L130Q is the most destabilizing variant, showing consistently lower stability across both tools. By contrast, R273I is predicted to be stabilizing in MUPro and Dynamut, whereas IMutant considers it destabilizing. Molecular docking analysis was performed using CBdock to explore mutant TP53 interactions with small-molecule inhibitors COTI-2 and PRIMA. This study reveals the structural instability caused by TP53 mutations and their impact on drug interactions. To restore TP53 activity and improve the effectiveness of TP53-targeted inhibitors in breast cancer treatment, future research should investigate targeted therapeutic approaches.
Formulation and Characterization of Nanoemulsion Containing Terbinafine HCl against Candida albicans Fungal Infections
Background: Transdermal drug delivery of antifungal drugs always remained very challenging due to poor penetration and retainability of formulation at site of infection. Objective: The main objective was to enhance permeation and bioavailability of Terbinafine HCl loaded nanoemulsion for better penetration potential and efficacy in treating superficial dermatophytic infections. Method: A nanoemulsion, loaded with terbinafine HCl was prepared by high-speed homogenization method. The solubility of the drug was assessed by UV spectrophotometry drug content was then checked by FTIR, final formulation was checked via HPLC. The optimization was done via Design expert software by employing Central Composite Rotatable Design. The particle size and Polydispersity index was assessed via Zeta sizer while Malvern Zetasizer for the zeta potential assessment. Droplet size was assessed via SEM and invitro penetration studied via Franz diffusion cell. For invivo and histopathological examination albino rabbits were used. Results: The formulation prepared was subjected to various characterization parameters. The average drug content was found 98.57%, and average particle size of optimized formulation was 57.81nm with good homogeneity as indicated by low polydispersity index i.e. 0.08. In vivo and microbiological studies showed that the Terbinafine HCl nanoemulsion significantly reduced the Candida albicans infection in animals moreover the microbiological assessment also showed decreased growth of Candida albicans. Conclusion: Conclusively, the present study presents a novel nanoemulsion of Terbinafine HCl which could be further explored in human subjects for its better understanding on efficacy and the toxicity that effects human health.
Feed Restriction Impairs Immunity and Lymphoid Organ Development in Broiler Chicks: Enabling Accurate Body Weight Prediction Using Machine Learning
This research assessed the effect of feed limitation on immune response, growth rate, and body weight prediction in poultry. For 56 days, 80 one-day-old chicks were reared and were distributed into four groups: Groups A–C got 6, 12, and 24 h of daily feed constraint (days 21–35), respectively, while Group D was the control group which were fed ad libitum. Feed deprivation resulted in considerably high impaired hematological factors (p<0.01), such as, minimized Newcastle Disease virus (NDV) antibody titers, higher heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratios, reduced overall leukocyte count in overly stressed groups as compared to the control group. In restricted groups, the lymphoid organs (spleen, bursa of Fabricius and thymus) displayed considerably poor weights, and the mortality rate was increased (P<0.05), exclusively after the NDV trial. From physiological readings, augmented dataset was derived that was used in developing machine learning models to predict body weight. Ensemble models (Gradient Boosting, XGBoost, , AdaBoost) and Ridge Regression accomplished exceptional predictive performance (R² >0.98), while Deep Neural Networks and Lasso underachieved due to over-regularization and overfitting, respectively. Limited feed greatly effects the growth nd immunity of poultry; ensemble machine learning models are effective in predicting the body weight changes caused by feed deprivation stress, offering practical tools for monitoring poultry production.
Power Line Communication Feasibility Study for Advanced Metering Infrastructure Project of an Electric Utility in Pakistan
Power Line Communication (PLC) leverages existing power lines for communication purposes, offering an economically viable alternative to other communication methods that entail the additional expense of establishing new infrastructure. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of tests conducted on PLCs within the context of the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) Project, focusing on grid modernization. Addressing the unique challenges posed by power lines requires meticulous planning, particularly in the strategic placement of filters. The study specifically targets two urban areas, subjecting them to thorough examination using a Noise toolkit consisting of a Coupler and a Spectrum Analyzer. The research incorporates three distinct load types—domestic, commercial, and industrial—to conduct a comparative analysis of the results obtained. While PLC has been deployed internationally, there is limited large-scale field data available in the Pakistani context. This study contributes important baseline measurements and technical benchmarks, demonstrating that G3-PLC, operating in the FCC band, is a reliable and scalable solution for smart metering communication in urban distribution networks.
Copyright (c) 2025 UCP Journal of Science & Technology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Valorization of Date Pits into a Functional Coffee Alternative Compositional, Antioxidant and Sensory Evaluation
Functional foods, which provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition, have historical roots in ancient dietary traditions thus the incorporation of functional foods into daily diets helps in promoting health and well-being. In this regard, date fruit pits emphasize the unexploited byproduct with significant functional and nutritional properties. Pakistan faces the substantial post-harvest loses. Date fruit pits often wasted despite their nutritional and bioactive moieties. This research explores date pits as a sustainable coffee substitute while minimizing the food waste, three formulations were analyzed where (To) 100% black coffee, (T1) 100% date pit coffee and (T2) 70% black coffee and 30% date pit coffee blend. Results exhibit that To had the highest ash content (3.99±0.01) and T2 had the highest pH (9.11±0.03) and moisture content (8.84±0.01). Date pit coffee proposes acceptable sensory attribute, strong antioxidant profile, low calorie content and distinguishable health and environmental sustainability benefits. These outcomes uphold its potential as an ecofriendly, functional, caffeine free coffee substitute, an imperative need for waste reduction and elevating sustainable food system practices.
Ligand-based drug design studies of different flavonoids as a potential inhibitor of BCR-ABL
The BCR-ABL gene is found in most patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Several clinical inhibitors have been discovered to lower the BCR-ABL-associated CML. But all these clinically practiced inhibitors are potentially harmful to the normal cells. Therefore, there is a dire need to identify such novel inhibitors that must be cost-effective, easily available, multitargeted, and less toxic to normal cells. In our study, we have identified some polyphenols as potential inhibitors of BCR-ABL. Dasatinib and Bosutinib are used as controls in our current study. In this context, thirteen flavonoids were sourced from the PubChem database to identify inhibitors targeting BCR-ABL. Molecular docking was performed using AutoDock Vina, which shows binding affinity of compounds between -6.9 to -10.5 kcal/mol. Among the tested flavonoids, Erysubin A and Baicalein showed the best binding affinities of –10.5 and –10.0 kcal/mol, respectively. These values were stronger than those of the clinical inhibitors Bosutinib (–7.9 kcal/mol) and Dasatinib (–8.7 kcal/mol), suggesting that Erysubin A and Baicalein have a greater potential to interact effectively with the target protein. Further studies have shown that Erysubin A and Baicalein have significant interactions with various residues of most sustainable amino acids. The MD simulation study indicates the stability and compactness of the protein complex with Baicalein and Erysubin A. Hence, these results supported the idea that polyphenols potentially inhibit the BCR-ABL protein, further in vitro and in vivo studies are recommended for their development as a novel target to lower the burden of CML.
Prevalence of Head Lice among School Children in Tehsil Shakargarh, Pakistan
The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of Pediculosis infection among school children in relation to their families' economic situation. The research included 439 students from seven government and private schools in Shakargarh. They were checked for lice, and a questionnaire was used to record data on each student's demographic characteristics and other relevant information. A chi-square test was performed to compare the data by using SPSS software; a P-value less than 0.05 was considered as significant. The overall prevalence of head lice infestation was 17.5% (95% CI: 14.1–21.5). Lice infestation was relatively higher among girls (21.8%) than boys (10.0%, χ² = 9.45, p = 0.002). Government school students showed a higher infestation rate (31.0%) than private school students (6.3%, χ² = 46.2, p < 0.001). Infestation was significantly associated with larger family size (χ² = 8.7, p = 0.003), sharing personal items such as combs and scarves (χ² = 12.1, p < 0.001), and lower socioeconomic status (χ² = 10.3, p = 0.001). The prevalence of significantly higher among girls who share stuff and have a lower socioeconomic status.
Kobus (Bovidae, Artiodactyla) from Late Miocene of Mohal Pati and Hasnot, Jhelum, Punjab, Pakistan
Kobus represents an extant genus of the family Bovidae that is also found in fossilized form. The genus is also known from the Siwaliks, and its remains are relatively rare compared to other bovid taxa, especially in the Late Miocene. This study is focused on the collection of fossils of the genus Kobus from the Mohal Pati and Hasnot area of the district Jhelum, Punjab, Pakistan. The remains include a mandibular fragment, and isolated upper and lower dentition, and a morphometric study of these remains indicates that they belong to the extinct species, Kobus porrecticornis, found from the Siwaliks, particularly from the Late Miocene. The description of these remains adds more knowledge to the morphological features of this species, which will be helpful to a better understanding of the Siwalik bovids in general and the relationship of this species with extant species in particular.
A Water Chestnuts (Trapa natans): Physicochemical Properties of Starch and Industrial Applications across Food, Textile and Pharmaceutical Sectors
Water chestnuts (Trapa natans), a nutritionally rich aquatic vegetable, have garnered interest due to their diverse applications and unique starch properties. Valued for their high carbohydrate content, dietary fiber, essential minerals, and low-calorie profile, water chestnuts contribute significantly to a balanced diet and are incorporated into various culinary applications worldwide. The starch from Trapa natans exhibits remarkable physicochemical properties, including high gelatinization temperature, resistance to retrogradation, and superior water-holding capacity, making it a promising ingredient for food and non-food industries. In the food sector, water chestnut starch is used as a thickening agent, stabilizer, and texturizer in gluten-free products, while its bioactive components find applications in functional foods. Beyond the food industry, this starch has potential in the textile and pharmaceutical sectors, offering eco-friendly alternatives for fabric finishing, biodegradable films, and excipients in drug formulations. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the nutritional attributes of water chestnuts, their starch's physicochemical properties, and diverse industrial applications, highlighting their potential to enhance product innovation across multiple sectors.
Development and Sensory Evaluation of Calcium- and Vitamin D-Enriched Functional Foods for Bone Health Promotion
Pakistan faces significant nutritional challenges due to economic instability, limited access to healthy diets, and low nutrition awareness, resulting in widespread calcium and vitamin D deficiencies. These deficiencies contribute to bone-related disorders such as osteopenia and osteoporosis, particularly among vulnerable populations. This study aimed to develop cost-effective, calcium- and vitamin D-enriched functional foods using locally available traditional ingredients (sesame seeds, flaxseed, spinach) and food waste (eggshell powder). Four functional products, Green Crackers, Nutri Snack, Osteomax, and Sementes Wrap, were formulated through appropriate processing techniques. Nutritional analysis revealed Nutri Snack as the richest source of calcium (≈5100 mg/serving), followed by Green Crackers, Osteomax, and Sementes Wrap, with all products providing balanced macronutrient and energy contributions. Consumer acceptability was evaluated using a nine-point Hedonic Scale, and statistical analysis (one-way ANOVA, p < 0.05) showed significant differences among formulations. Nutri Snack and 70 g Green Crackers demonstrated the highest overall acceptability scores. The synergistic use of spinach, sesame, flaxseed, and eggshell powder enhanced nutritional density without compromising sensory quality. The findings highlight the potential of utilizing low-cost, locally sourced, and waste-derived ingredients to develop sustainable functional foods that may help alleviate calcium and vitamin D deficiencies. However, further shelf-life studies and clinical trials are recommended prior to commercialization.
Functional Food, Calcium, Vitamin D, Egg Shell, Flaxseed, Bone Health, Osteoporosis
Nutritional and Sensory Evaluation of Weaning Food Formulated with Mixed Fruits (Banana and Beetroot)
Malnutrition has a serious impact on the health of infants over the weaning period. Complementary foods that are nutritionally balanced should be given to ensure perfect growth and development. This study was meant to come up with both nutrient-enriched and taste-acceptable weaning foods using banana and beetroot due to their high nutritional content. Banana and beetroot were dried through a hybrid oven (60 °C) and a hot air oven (607 0C), respectively, and turned into powder. Six weaning food formulations were prepared using different proportions of whole wheat flour, banana powder, and beetroot powder (T-T6). They were researched on sensory properties, phytochemicals composition, and proximate composition. It has been noted that T6 contained the highest amounts of ash and fiber, and T1 contained the most amounts of fat, protein, and hydration. While T5 was the most sensory acceptable with a score of 8.3 due to its balanced banana content. Based on these findings, the nutritional value and attractiveness of weaning foods may be boosted by the incorporation of powdered banana and beetroot into the foods.
weaning food, nutrition, banana, beetroot, infant
Efficient Cytomegalovirus Detection AmongHaemodialysis Patients Through qPCR
One of the leading causes of death in Hemodialysis (HD) patients is Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Quantitative PCR is considered as a highly sensitive method as it detects small quantities of nucleic acid in various clinical samples. In Pakistan, nephrology units are not well developed and the investigations involved in normal encounter of viral infections in HD patients have been quite limited. Present study aimed to determine the prevalence of CMV infection, by ELISA and qPCR in patients undergoing HD, in nephrology units in Pakistan. In this cross-sectional study total 150 patients undergoing HD were included by non-probability convenience sampling technique, and those undergoing peritoneal dialysis were excluded. Blood specimen was collected to estimate Hb, TLC, PLT count, bilirubin total, AST, ALT, ALP, urea, creatinine, uric acid and glucose levels. CMV IgM and IgG antibodies were detected by ELISA method and CMV viral load by qPCR. Data was analyzed by using SPSS v.26. Mean of age was found to be 42.28±13.63 years, CMV IgM antibodies level=323±210 AU/mL and CMV IgG antibodies level=311±182 AU/mL. Overall patients’ frequency of male was 66.7% and of female was 33.3%. Frequency of patients with positive CMV IgM level was 43.3%, positive CMV IgG level 72.0%, and positive for CMV viral load 82.7%. Prevalence of CMV IgM infection was higher in younger age (45.1% vs. 40.7%), males (45.0% vs. 40.0%), anemic males (46.0% vs. 38.5%), leukocytosis (55.6% vs. 50.0%), thrombocytopenia (32.0% vs. 18.2%). Prevalence of CMV IgG infection was also higher in younger age (74.7% vs. 67.8%), anemic males (73.6% vs. 61.5%), anemic females (73.2% vs. 66.7%), and leukocytosis (80.0% vs. 75.0%). Prevalence of CMV viral load was lower in younger age (81.3% vs. 84.7%, P-value 0.748); males (81.0% vs. 86.0%, Pvalue 0.593); non-anemic males (76.9% vs. 81.6%, P-value 0.708), leukocytosis (93.3% vs. 100.0%, P-value 0.019), bilirubin total >1.0 (80.4% vs. 83.8%, and BSR (78.7% vs. 88.5%, P-value 0.177). The study concluded that prevalence of positive CMV viral load was markedly higher than prevalence of CMV IgG positive cases and almost twice higher than CMV IgM positive cases. Screening for CMV infection by commonly used ELISA method may give false negative results. Therefore, patients undergoing HD should be screened by quantitative PCR in future.
Assessment of Blood and Renal Function Profiles in Pregnant Women from Narowal, Pakistan
Pregnancy is a period during which one or more embryo develops into offspring inside the human's female womb in nine months. During three trimesters of pregnancy many physiological changes such as mood swings, back pain, hair loss, excess melanin production, and fluctuation in hematology and serology happen. Blood samples of pregnant ladies and control were taken and subjected to hematological and renal functioning tests in order to check either these parameters can be the biomarkers of pregnancy or not. Sampling was done in certain hospitals and laboratories in Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan from February 2021 to June 2022. Blood samples of 160 pregnant women and160 control women were collected in EDTA coated vials and subjected to investigation of Complete Blood Count. On the other hand, blood samples of 51 pregnant women and 51 control were collected in serum Vials, serum was extracted and renal functioning were analyzed. A statistically significant difference was found by t-test on hematological parameters including hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT) and white blood cells (WBC). Investigation of renal functioning of pregnant ladies in comparison to control revealed a distinctive difference with the highest variation in the blood urea (p=0.0002) and serum creatinine (p=0.0003) contents. This study indicates that certain hematological as well as renal functioning tests can serve as biomarkers of pregnancy. Further study will evaluate these parameters for a bigger sample size to give a more accurate and precise information.
CHARACTERIZATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE GENERATING AT UVAS RAVI CAMPUS, AND ITS CONVERSION INTO COMPOST USING LUMBRICUS TERRESTRIS
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the nutrient status of compost and vermicompost prepared by two earthworm species namely Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris. A predictable production of municipal solid waste ranges between 1.3 and 1.9 billion tons per year all over the world and has become an increasing problem day by day while being expected to increase almost 2.2 billion tons per year by 2025. Today established nations are facing a big problem in the management of municipal solid waste with the development of industries. 25 million tons of the solid waste is produced every year. Vermicomposting is a simple and cost-effective method to decompose several types of crop residues and agro industrial wastes. It has been estimated that one kg of the organic matter is consumed by earthworm in a day. Castings of the earthworms are rich in phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Proximate analysis indicates that vermicompost contains 1-1.5 percent phosphorus, 1.5-2 percent potassium and 2.5-3 percent nitrogen. Depending upon the quality of the substrate vermicompost also contains hormones, vitamins and enzymes. These all characteristics are improved by increasing enzymatic and biological activities of earthworms. Vermicomposting is like receiving gold from garbage to improve richness of the soil. Ultimate product of the vermicomposting comprises more hormone like complexes, nutrients such as Mg, Ca, K, N, P, vitamins, enzymes and fewer heavy metals as compare to traditional composting.
Overweight among Undergraduate Students in University ofNarowal, Narowal, Pakistan: A Descriptive Cross-sectionalStudy
Obesity is common problem in both developing and under-developing countries and may often accompanied with various complications, including diabetes, hypertension and metabolic disorders. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of obesity and overweight among undergraduate students from University of Narowal. The cross-sectional analysis was obtained from a general population (n=568) of undergraduate students enrolled between 2020-2022. The data obtained through questionnaire included demographic information and anthropometric measurements. More than a half of population (n=374, 66%) showed normal BMI= 21.1±0.01 while 96 (16.9%) students (Mean BMI= 26.7±0.1) were overweight, 20 (3.5%) students (Mean BMI=32.69±0.49) were obese, and 48 (8.5%) students (Mean BMI=17.91±0.120) were found to be underweight. This study shows a least significant prevalence of obesity in general population serving as a crucial component in the indication of a good public awareness about obesity and healthier life style.
Copyright (c) 2025 UCP Journal of Science & Technology (HEC Recognized-Y Category) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Review on Pathophysiological Factor of Hypertension inPakistan, its Regulation and Management
Hypertension is a major health issue that affects people all over the world. It has a significant effect on the patient's quality of natural life and existence due to the associated morbidity and mortality issues. Blood pressure control that is optimized has been found to expand global health results. There is a scarcity of current data on the dominance of hypertension in Pakistan's residents. The cross-sectional study is based on records collected between 2008 and 2015 during numerous health screening camps organized in the countryside of central Punjab, Pakistan. The overall prevalence of high blood pressure was 35.1 percent, with a 34.4 percentage-standardized prevalence. 62.3 percent of patients with HTN were aware that they had high blood pressure, and 75.3 percent were already receiving medication for it. In recent decades, various dietary modules such as salt, Potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) have been extensively investigated. While some of these nutrients have strong evidence to support their use, others are contentious and are still being researched. Dietary changes are frequently conferred through patients and can have a significant impact on blood pressure control. Blood pressure was managed in 32.3 percent of individuals taking hypertension medication. Nearly a third of patients at rural central Punjab health screening camps have hypertension. These patients had a low rate of blood pressure control.
A Unique and Green Method Designed for the Detection ofMinute Quantities of Zinc in Real and Natural Specimens
In this study, we have developed an easy and fast spectrophotometric procedure to analyse zinc in traces using a reagent 1-(2-thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol (TAN) in surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) solution. Zinc complexes with 1-(2-thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol to give bis[1-(2-thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol]zinc. Demonstrated spectrophotometric method has been of great significance as using the micellar system instead of toxic, expensive and time taking extraction method. This method presented an improved detecting efficacy, sensitivity and coefficient of molar absorption. The Sandel's sensitivity and molar absorption coefficient were determined to be 4.5 ngcm-2 and ε 1.96×104 L mol-1cm-1 at λmax 581.4 nm, respectively. The 1:2 ratio was observed for Zn-[TAN]2 development. Linear calibration curve was obtained within 0.12-4.0 μg mL-1. At pH 6.5, complex formation occurred and remained stable for 24 hrs. Our recommended procedure was applied successfully for the investigation of Zinc from various alloy, ecological, pharmaceutical and biological specimens.
Physico-Chemical Properties and Shelf-Life Study of Aloe-Melon Juice
Keeping in the view the nutritional value of the Aloe vera and watermelon a formulation of a tasteful Aloe-Melon juice was prepared. The effects of storage and prior processing on lycopene content of juice as well as three weeks shelf-life study of developed Aloe-Melon juice was done. For further satisfaction proximate analysis (moisture, ash, fat, protein, fibre, total sugar, total solids, pH, and acidity) of Aloe vera gel and raw Aloe-Melon juice were also conducted. Spectrophotometric method was employed to measure the lycopene value of the product. It was found that the lycopene value of the raw Aloe-Melon juice was minimum but after processing lycopene value was increased. It happened because by nature in raw Aloe-Melon juice, lycopene is present in trans form but during the processing of the juice, trans form was converted into cis form. Additional research validated the shelf-life analysis of Aloe-Melon juice, demonstrating that lycopene levels were consistent, indicating lycopene's stability. Moisture, ash, and fibre values of Aloe-Melon juice were slightly decreased during storage while protein values remained constant. The sample's increasing acidity and decreasing pH caused the values of total sugar to slightly rise. Additionally, the juice's shelf-life testing showed that it kept fresh for three weeks at room temperature. Alkaloids in aloe vera gel were also detected and extracted. The product showed better acceptability, texture, and flavour during storage period. The slight decline in the nutritional values of Aloe-Melon juice amended its taste on small scale but juice did not expire till three weeks.
Nutritional and Sensory Evaluation of Bread Fortified withDefatted Chia Flour
Nutritional awareness among consumer is increasing along with their life styles changes day by day. Bread is the most popular product that can be enriched with various seeds i.e. chia seeds that are known for their high nutritional value. Defatted chia seeds serve as excellent protein source and often used to boost the nutritional content of bread. In this study, bread was fortified with 2%, 4%, and 6% defatted chia flour, which significantly improved its overall nutritional profile. Addition of defatted chia flour up to 6% is acceptable to consumer. Results showed that color of defatted chia flour bread was slightly darker than normal bread. Addition of defatted chia flour in bread made it easily breakable with firmer texture. Texture of chia bread was less chewy and sticky as compared to normal wheat bread. The addition of defatted chia flour increased protein content to 12.18±0.02%, 14.75±0.06%, and 16.94±0.04% in T1, T2, and T3 as compared to simple wheat bread i.e. 10.85±0.08%. Likewise, total phenolic contents increased to 2.70±0.23%, 33.63±0.27%, and 4.20±0.13% in T1, T2, and T3 of defatted chia bread from 1.45±0.05% in simple wheat bread. Overall, addition of defatted chia seed powder enhanced the nutritive value of bread remarkably.
Analysing the Parallel Scalability of Mechanical NanocomputersThrough Interconnection Network Evaluatorsfor Pharmaceutical Applications
This paper explores the potential of mechanical nano-machines for computation by evaluating its parallelisation power through static interconnection network evaluations. It investigates the mechanical nano-machine model as a 2-Dimensional mesh to analyse factors like diameter, bisection width, arc connectivity, and cost. The research suggests that around 448 nanogears per machine offers an ideal balance between minimizing diameter and bisection width while maximizing connectivity, proving that a mechanical nano-computer is indeed parallelisable. This highlights the potential scalability of mechanical nano-computers, showcasing their potential in pharmaceutical applications.
Numerical Modelling and Rugged Techniques for De-orbiting of LEO Space Debris
According to the statistics of Space Surveillance Network (SSN), approximately 200 on-orbit and 54 strident events occurred which smashed the debris into smaller segments. It is essentially needed to identify intentional hypervelocity impacts, unintentional collision between satellite and explosion of satellites that create a debris cloud. Space debris (failed satellites and upper stage rockets etc) occupy large space in LEO, MEO and GEO altitudes, which may pose threat to operational and future missions. There are multiple techniques for reducing the impending space debris through targeted deterrent measures, such as, passivation measure or active de-orbiting. This paper presents the numerical modeling technique for identification of debris clusters based on density distribution, A/m ratio and explosion velocity. The breakup events of Fengyun-1C, NOAA-16, Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251 have been considered and classical orbital elements using statistical tools. A rugged technique is devised for the removal of millimeter and centimeter level debris fragments. It is a cost-efficient yet effective approach, implemented with aid of a Hoover Capturing System (HCS). This system is composed of a current carrying conductor which produces a magnetic field similar to that of a bar magnet. The target fragments would be captured by HCS on close approach of the system. Afterwards, HCS would be transferred into the low parking orbit where it would dispose of junk through the window of opportunity. Ultimately, fragments would be burnt on reentry into lower altitude by atmospheric drag. This technique is very rugged, cost-efficient and effective can be utilized for frequent cycles.
Copyright (c) 2024 UCP Journal of Science & Technology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Essential oils and aqueous ethanolic constituents from Juniperus excelsa exert antidiabetic effects on Alloxaninduced diabetes in rats
Diabetes mellitus is a complicated metabolic disorder with 4.4% of estimated prevalence by 2030 which is quite high as compared to 2002 which is 2.2%. This disease is not curable with any of the available anti-diabetic agents in the market, furthermore, several other issues with these agents including cost and side effects are provoking us to look for some newer anti-diabetic agents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of essential oil and aqueous ethanolic extract of Juniperus excelsa, which was selected on the basis of its traditional use. The anti-diabetic activity of aqueous ethanolic extract (100, 200 mg/kg) and essential oil (100, 200mg/kg) of the plant was evaluated in normal and alloxan (150mg/kg, I.P.) induced diabetic rats in acute study as well as in 14 days of chronic study. Hepatic as well as lipid profiles were also evaluated at the end of the study. The results showed a significant reduction in blood glucose levels with crude extract as compared to essential oil, in a dose-dependent manner, in acute as well as 14 days chronic study. Similarly, in hepatic and lipid profile evaluation more significant results were shown by the crude extract than the essential oil. The difference in results for crude extract and essential oil might be due to the presence of different phytochemicals. Although natural products are beneficial for various diseases and are used traditionally they have multiple issues involving oral absorption, bioavailability, and pharmacokinetics that still have room for further exploration.
Juniperus excelsa, Crude extract, Essential oil, Antidiabetic, Hepatic profile, Lipid profile
Multiple Sclerosis: A Review of The Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Genetics, And Molecular Characteristics
MS is an autoimmune and inflammation-mediated syndrome that causes neurodegeneration and makes the sufferer disabled and incapacitated. The clinical patterns and susceptibility to the disease are different in different populations. Since 1990, The occurrence of MS has risen in various geographic areas, particularly in counties of low and middle income, imposing significant health care and economic burden. Most cases of MS are sporadic but 20% are acquired. Familial Multiple Sclerosis (FMS) is characterized by the presence of at least one affected family member, including those related by first, second, or third-degree connections to the pro-bands. It is estimated to have a global prevalence of approximately 12.6%. The prevalence of MS ranges widely among Arabs and is lower than in Western countries but the rate is expected to increase over time and thus required the attention of the scientific world. The etiological features of the disorder are still unknown and extensive genetic level research is still required to make progress in understanding the causation of the disease. Furthermore, future investigations should include well-designed clinical trials examining the efficacy and safety of licorice-derived drugs in MS patients to bridge the gap between preclinical discoveries and clinical applications. These trials can provide useful insights into the realworld applicability of licorice-based treatments, perhaps influencing their incorporation into routine MS treatment procedures. This study will provide insight for future researchers who are willing to work in the area of medical genetics.
Hepatitis C virus infection and its correlation with multiple risk factors in local population of Gujranwala Pakistan
Hepatitis C virus is a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the family of Flaviviridae that affects 71 million people in the world. In Pakistan, the occurrence of HCV is 10 million and national efforts are required to identify people. The current study was therefore planned to assess the occurrence of HCV relative to risk factors among the local population of Gujranwala, Pakistan. The viral infection was analyzed qualitatively by using PCR / third-generation ELISA, detailed history, and clinical examination. Data entered in already prepared Performa. For data analysis, SPSS 14 was used. Descriptive statistics mean + standard deviation was used. LFTs have been performed. In the present study, a total of 320 patients (183 females and 137 males) were included. There were 172 (97 females and 75 males) patients diagnosed with HCV while 148 (85 females and 63 males) patients were non-infected. HCV-infected patients were 53.75% and non-infected were 46.25%. There were some additional diseases, 84 patients with HCV patients have diabetes mellitus, 34 patients have smoking addiction and 93 have hypertension. When the ratio between LFTs was observed for non-HCV and HCV patients it is revealed that it was greater in HCV patients. Numerous complications observed like ascites, diabetes mellitus, and splenomegaly. Numerous risk factors were observed in this trial, the most dangerous are the dentist procedures followed by frequent vaccinations, surgery, nose/ear piercing, shaving by barber, blood transfusion, and Jaundice. The result of this study showed that HCV patients have a significantly short life span.
Hepatitis C virus, correlation, population, LFT, AST.
Effect of Carrot-Beet Based Beverages to Modulate Hypertension
Background and aims: The objective of this study was to assess the effect of carrot and beetroot-based beverages to modulate hypertension in hypertensive subjects. Methods: Two different combinations of carrot beetroot juice were prepared consisting of Beverage-I (carrot juice 20% and beetroot juice 80%) and Beverage-II (carrot juice 40%, beetroot juice 60%). Antihypertensive influence of beverages was assessed through physiological markers i.e. pulse rate, body temperature, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Serum lipid profile including triglycerides, cholesterol, high density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein was also at start and at termination of the experimental trial. Results: Results obtained at the end of study revealed that Beverage-I influentially reduced the pulse rate, systolic and diastolic pressure, triglycerides and LDL levels however, in case of total cholesterol, more pronounced effect was observed in subjects receiving Beverage II. Conclusions: From the outcomes, it was concluded that both of these beverages showed modulation of hypertension and hence, these beverages can be employed in routine dietary therapy.
Copyright (c) 2023 UCP Journal of Science & Technology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Computational Design and Analysis of a Novel Inhibitor for FERMT1 Gene: A Novel Treatment Strategy for the Kindler Syndrome
Epidermolysis Bullosa (EB) is a rare genetic condition characterized by skin blistering that occurs with minimal trauma such as scratching or rubbing. EB is a polygenic disorder caused by various genes, each responsible for different subtypes. This study focuses on Kindler Syndrome, which is caused by mutations in the FERMT1 (FERM Domain Containing Kindlin 1) gene. Currently, topical medications are the primary treatment options due to the lack of suitable drugs. To address this, a computer-aided drug has been designed that could potentially act as an inhibitor for treating Kindler Syndrome. The FERM1 HUMAN protein of FERMT1 was retrieved from the UNIPROT database (with the UNIPROT ID of Q9BQL6) and its secondary and tertiary structure were analyzed using MESSA and AlphaFold 2, respectively. A ligand was then constructed using the Elea3D drug design server and the best ligand, based on the maximum population score, was used to predict and analyze its interaction with the FERMT1 protein using SwissDock. The complex obtained was further subjected to molecular dynamics simulation using IMODs. Finally, ADMET analysis was performed to evaluate the drug-likeness, toxicity, water solubility, and physiochemical properties of the designed drug. Computer-aided drug designed in this study holds potential for treating Kindler Syndrome and may yield exceptional results in in vivo and in vitro studies. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential for using computer-aided drug design to develop new treatments for rare genetic disorders like Kindler Syndrome.
Emerging Perception of Activity Cliffs: A Brief Review
Activity cliffs (ACs) can be characterized as the collection of structurally similar molecules with significant differences in their potencies. Such molecules are of core importance in medicinal and computational chemistry as any minute change in their structure greatly influences their biological action. They play an important role in the optimization during drug discovery and can be analyzed by structure-activity relationships (SAR), but the factors like the molecular representation, selection of the data sets, and the descriptor used greatly affect the end results. Due to these factors, ACs were thought to be a rarity as the concept is contrary to the similarity property principle (SPP), which forms the basis of quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling and likeness based strategies. Today, the data available on activity cliffs has been refined as well as increased a lot. In this review, we have highlighted the factors that are important in analyzing ACs and selecting the data sets for the analysis. Moreover, several strategies including matched molecular pairs (MMP) have been developed. MMP is mostly used for finding similar molecules but having a different group(s) responsible for the change in their potency. Furthermore, the role of ML (machine learning) in ACs has also been discussed as it could further refine the analysis of ACs by developing various logarithms and minimizing the faulty results.
Quantitative structure-activity relationship
Design concept of cost effective LEO satellite system for Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B)
Primary technique being used for air traffic surveillance is radar. But now-a-days its capacity surveillance is gradually being replaced by newly used Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast (ADS-B). ADS-B offers higher accuracy, low power consumption and long range than radar, which provides more safety to aircrafts. The coverage of terrestrial radar and ADS-B is confined to continental parts of the globe, leaving oceans and poles uncovered by real-time surveillance measures. On the other hand air traffic is growing rapidly, making available airspace more and more congested. The paper presents the design of a space based ADS-B system of 20 satellites for global air traffic surveillance over intercontinental trans-oceanic flight routes to make better use of available airspace. Performance assessment of the designed constellation is based on the analysis of various parameters such as regional and global coverage and satellite availability. LEO satellite handover mechanism and link budget for ADS-B system are also discussed. The results of parametric analysis indicate that the constellation provides adequate coverage in the simulated global and regional areas. The constellation is a feasible and cost effective solution for global air surveillance which can supplement/replace the terrestrial ADS-B and radar systems.
Radar; ADS-B; Air traffic; Surveillance, Simulation, Link budget
IL-17: New Insights into Advances from diagnostics to therapeutics of inflammatory diseases
Interleukin 17 (IL-17) is a proinflammatory cytokine having 6 related cytokines. Over the past few years, the roles of IL-17 go beyond not merely activating inflammation but also progression of disease. Evidence is mounting that IL-17 has significant roles in causing and developing various inflammatory diseases. And recently, specific inhibitions of IL-17 have improved in the treatment of these diseases. This review aims to highlight the general trends of these treatments as well as the various diseases related to IL-17 inflammatory actions, and interactions with other cytokines that perform similar functions.
Keywords: Interleukin 17; Psoriasis; Rheumatoid arthritis; Crohn's disease; Quercetin